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global apartheid
Global apartheid is a term used to mean minority rule in international decision-making. The term comes from apartheid, the system of governmental that ruled South Africa until 27 April 1994 when people of all races were able to vote as equals for the first time.
The concept of global apartheid has been developed by many researchers, including Titus Alexander, Bruno Amoroso, Patrick Bond, Gernot Kohler, Arjun Makhijiani, Ali Mazuri, Vandana Shiva, Anthony Richmond, Joseph Nevins, Muhammed Asadi, Gustav Fridolin, and many others.〔Titus Alexander, Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics, Polity Press, 1996〕〔Bruno Amoroso, Global Apartheid. Economics and Society, Federico Caffè Center, Roskilde, Città di Castello, 2004〕〔Patrick Bond, Against Global Apartheid: South Africa Meets the World Bank, IMF and International Finance, Zed Books Ltd; 2nd edition February 2004〕〔Gernot Kohler, Global Apartheid, Working Paper No 7, World Order Models Project, New York, 1978〕〔Adekeye Adebajo, James Jonah, Ali A. Mazrui and Tor Sellstrom, From Global Apartheid to Global Village: Africa and the United Nations, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Aug 2009; Leith Mullings, New Social Movements in the African Diaspora: Challenging Global Apartheid (Critical Black Studies) February 2010〕〔Arjun Makhijiani, From Global Capitalism to Economic Justice, Apex Press, 1992〕〔Dying to Live: A Story of U.S. Immigration in an Age of Global Apartheid (City Lights, 2008)〕〔Ali Mazuri in conversation with Fouad Kalouche, Universalism, Global Apartheid, and Justice〕〔Vandana Shiva, 'The New Environmental Order' Third World Resurgence, 20 April 1992, Third World Network, Penang, Malaysia, p 2 -3〕〔Anthony H Richmond, Global Apartheid: Refugees, Racism and the New World Order, Oxford University Press, Ontario, 1995〕〔Joseph Nevins, Dying to Live: A Story of U.S. Immigration in an Age of Global Apartheid (Open Media), City Lights Books, October 2008〕〔Muhammed A. Asadi, Global Apartheid, iUniverse, February 2003〕〔Per Gustav Edvard Fridolin, Från Vittsjö till världen - om global apartheid och alla vi som vill någon annanstans (From Vittsjö to the world - about global apartheid and everyone of us that want to go somewhere), 2006〕
== Origin and use ==
The first use of the term may have been by Gernot Koehler in a 1978 Working Paper for the World Order Models Project. In 1995 Koehler develop this in ''The Three Meanings of Global Apartheid: Empirical, Normative, Existential''.〔Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 20, No. 3 (July-September 1995), pp. 403-413〕
Its best known use was by Thabo Mbeki, then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons of the status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era.〔Haviland, William (1993). Cultural Anthropology. Vermont: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 250-252〕 Mbeki got the term from Titus Alexander, initiator of Charter 99, a campaign for global democracy, who was also present at the UN Millennium Summit and gave him a copy of ''Unravelling Global Apartheid''.
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